abstract：:The mechanisms by which alphabeta T-cells are selected in the thymus and then recognize peptide MHC (pMHC) complexes in the periphery remain an enigma. Recent work particularly with respect to quantification of T-cell sensitivity and the role of self-ligands in T-cell activation has provided some important clues to th...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Krogsgaard M,Juang J,Davis MM

更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Autoantigens that contain DNA, RNA, or self-IgG are preferred targets for autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). B cells promote SLE pathogenesis by producing autoantibodies, activating autoreactive T cells, and secreting cytokines. We discuss how certain autoreactive B cells are selectively activated, ...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Christensen SR,Shlomchik MJ

更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases confers predisposition to clinical disease caused by weakly virulent mycobacterial species in otherwise healthy individuals. Since 1996, disease-causing mutations have been found in five autosomal genes (IFNGR1, IFNGR2, STAT1, IL12B, IL12BR1) and one X-linked gene (NE...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Filipe-Santos O,Bustamante J,Chapgier A,Vogt G,de Beaucoudrey L,Feinberg J,Jouanguy E,Boisson-Dupuis S,Fieschi C,Picard C,Casanova JL

更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:B cells require signals from multiple sources for their development from precursor cells, and differentiation into effector cells. BAFF has been identified as a critical regulator of B cell development and differentiation. Defects in the production of BAFF and/or expression of its receptors have been associated with a...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Tangye SG,Bryant VL,Cuss AK,Good KL

更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The BLyS family of receptors includes two cytokines, BLyS and APRIL; and three receptors, BR3, BCMA and TACI. Together, these regulate the size and composition of peripheral B cell pools. The multiplicity of ligand-receptor sets, in conjunction with differential receptor expression, alternative binding partners and di...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Treml LS,Crowley JE,Cancro MP

更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Signals from the precursor-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) are essential for selection and clonal expansion of pre-B cells that have performed productive immunoglobulin heavy chain V(D)J recombination. In the mouse, the downstream signaling molecules SLP-65 and Btk cooperate to limit proliferation and induce differentiation...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Hendriks RW,Kersseboom R

更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Vaccinations are powerful tools for combating infections. Because of the age-related impairment in immune functions, the currently available vaccines are protecting only a small proportion of the elderly population. We, here, provide an overview of age-related changes in innate and adaptive immunity with particular em...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Frasca D,Riley RL,Blomberg BB

更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many immune cells can detect the direction and intensity of an extracellular chemical gradient, and migrate toward the source of stimulus. This process, called chemotaxis, is essential for immune system function and homeostasis, and its deregulation is associated with serious diseases. Chemotaxis is initiated by chemo...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Mañes S,Gómez-Moutón C,Lacalle RA,Jiménez-Baranda S,Mira E,Martínez-A C

更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The adaptive immune system, which utilizes RAG-mediated recombination to diversify immune receptors, arose in ancestors of the jawed vertebrates approximately 500 million years ago. Homologs of immunoglobulins (Igs), T cell antigen receptors (TCRs), major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I and II, and the recombinatio...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Eason DD,Cannon JP,Haire RN,Rast JP,Ostrov DA,Litman GW

更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The mucosal surfaces of the lungs are a major portal of entry for virus infections and there are urgent needs for new vaccines that promote effective pulmonary immunity. However, we have only a rudimentary understanding of the requirements for effective cellular immunity in the respiratory tract. Recent studies have r...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Woodland DL,Randall TD

更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Naturally arising CD4(+) regulatory T cells are critical mediators of peripheral self tolerance and immune homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that these cells are a dedicated T cell lineage constitutively acting in a dominant, cell extrinsic manner to regulate immune function. These observations are driving a ree...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Fontenot JD,Rudensky AY

更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Toll-like receptors are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that evolved to detect microbial infection. These receptors recognize conserved molecular products derived from different classes of microorganisms, including Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. Following recognitio...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Pasare C,Medzhitov R

更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Heterogeneity in the supramolecular organization of immunological synapses arises from the involvement of different cells, distinct environmental stimuli, and varying levels of protein expression. There may also be heterogeneity in the types and amounts of cell surface proteins and lipids that transfer between lymphoc...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Davis DM,Igakura T,McCann FE,Carlin LM,Andersson K,Vanherberghen B,Sjöström A,Bangham CR,Höglund P

更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many human cancers possess a complex chemokine network that may influence the extent and phenotype of the leukocyte infiltrate, angiogenesis, tumor cell growth, survival and migration. Restricted expression of chemokine receptors on leukocytes may allow concise control of cell movement and retention at the tumor site....

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Balkwill F

更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The identification of the common lymphoid progenitors in mouse bone marrow allows us to directly assess the regulatory mechanisms of lymphoid lineage commitment. The unexpected finding of a latent myeloid differentiation potential in lymphoid progenitors sheds light on the importance of cytokine receptor expression at...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Prohaska SS,Scherer DC,Weissman IL,Kondo M

更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) have important functions in the selection of memory B lymphocytes during germinal center reactions (GCR). They present native antigens to potential memory cells, of which only B cells with high affinity B cell receptors (BCR) can bind. These B lymphocytes survive, whereas nonbinding B...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： van Nierop K,de Groot C

更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Leukocyte subsets are recruited from the blood to lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues via a multi-step process that involves distinct adhesive and activation steps. Chemokines, a family of chemotactic cytokines that signal through G-protein-coupled receptors, play critical roles in regulating the leukocyte recruitment c...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Johnston B,Butcher EC

更新日期：2002-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Immune receptors are coupled to the activation of phosphatidylcholine phospholipase D (PC-PLD) that hydrolyses phosphatidylcholine to generate phosphatidic acid and choline. As these receptors are also coupled to other signalling cascades, it has been difficult to define the precise cell activation events resulting fr...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Melendez AJ,Allen JM

更新日期：2002-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bacteria, apoptotic cells and other particulate material are taken up through phagocytosis, a conserved cellular function driven by actin polymerization. As reviewed here, small GTPases of the Rho family, their activators and effectors control the local reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton underneath bound particl...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Castellano F,Chavrier P,Caron E

更新日期：2001-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Polymorphic MHC is absent from the trophoblast, therefore, it resists NK as well as CTL-mediated lysis in vitro. Activated gamma / delta TCR positive cells are significantly enriched in the decidua as well as in peripheral blood of healthy pregnant women. Human peripheral gamma / delta lymphocytes preferentially expre...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Szekeres-Bartho J,Barakonyi A,Miko E,Polgar B,Palkovics T

更新日期：2001-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The ability of the mucosal immune system to distinguish between harmful and harmless antigens is essential for mounting protective immune responses and preventing the induction of mucosal pathology yet the basis for this remains unclear. As fed antigen can also exert systemic effects understanding oral tolerance and p...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Garside P,Mowat AM

更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Poxviruses, unlike some other large DNA viruses, do not undergo a latent stage but rely on the expression of viral proteins to evade host immune responses. Of the many poxviral evasion genes identified, most target cytokines or other innate immune defenses. Resistance to interferons appears to be a priority as there a...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Moss B,Shisler JL

更新日期：2001-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A novel lymphocyte lineage, V alpha 14 NKT cells, has recently been identified and appears to be distinct from conventional alphabeta T cells. V alpha 14 NKT cells express a single invariant V alpha 14 antigen receptor that is essential for their development. They recognize a glycolipid antigen (alpha -galactosylceram...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Taniguchi M,Nakayama T

更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Physiological messages to cells are encoded in the magnitude, and in the time- and space-contingencies, of sets of stimuli. In particular, individual T cells continuously integrate antigenic and other signals and respond differentially to the rate of change in the level of stimulation, translated intracellularly into ...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Grossman Z,Paul WE

更新日期：2000-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are a family of enzymes that modulate the cellular level of tyrosine phosphorylation. Based on cellular location, they are classified as receptor like or intracellular PTPs. Structure and function studies have led to the understanding of the enzymatic mechanism of this class of enz...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Li L,Dixon JE

更新日期：2000-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a growth and differentiation factor critical for clonal T cell expansion and function. Produced exclusively in T cells, IL-2 transcription and synthesis occurs only after appropriate cellular activation via the clonotypic antigen-receptor and co-stimulatory molecules. IL-2 gene expression is in...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Holländer GA

更新日期：1999-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In seeking an explanation for the complexity of tissue development, biologists are obliged to explain lineage commitment, the events that dictate whether or not a progenitor cell will differentiate into one cell type or another. Such explanations have been sought across a broad spectrum of biological systems, although...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Hayday AC,Barber DF,Douglas N,Hoffman ES

更新日期：1999-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In humans, blood is commonly monitored to provide surrogates of disease progression and assess immune status. However, the varied, rapid and atypical alterations in lymphocyte subsets which may occur in blood in response to pathogens, are not predictive of changes in the bulk of the immune system. A hallmark of human ...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Rosenberg YJ,Janossy G

更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During lymphocyte development, cell-fate decisions are determined by a myriad of signals produced by the micro- environment of the thymus and the bone marrow. These yet to be fully defined developmental cues regulate stage-specific gene expression, and the extraordinarily well-characterized stages of T and B cell deve...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Haks MC,Oosterwegel MA,Blom B,Spits HM,Kruisbeek AM

更新日期：1999-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The OX-40 receptor (OX-40R) is a transmembrane protein found on the surface of activated CD4(+) T cells. When engaged by an agonist such as anti-OX-40 antibody or the OX-40 ligand (OX-40L) during antigen presentation to T cell lines, the OX-40R generates a costimulatory signal that is as potent as CD28 costimulation. ...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Weinberg AD,Vella AT,Croft M

更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The complement system covalently attaches C3d to microbial antigens which binds to CR2 on B lymphocytes, leading to a markedly enhanced adaptive immune response to that antigen. The enhancement is mediated by the cross-linking of the CR2-CD19 complex to mIg which augments the activation of several intracellular signal...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Fearon DT

更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ten seven-transmembrane-domain G protein-coupled receptors have been identified that are functional HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV coreceptors. However, the specific structures these receptors have in common that enable them to mediate HIV entry are unknown. Structure-function analyses have revealed that the determinants of cor...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Berson JF,Doms RW

更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Department of lymphocytes from hematopoietic stem cells is controlled, in part, by the activity of transcriptional regulatory proteins. In particular, one class of helix-loop-helix proteins, termed E-proteins, have been implicated in the regulation of gene expression during B-cell development. Recent analysis of gene-...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Bain G,Murre C

更新日期：1998-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:No abstractCopyright 1997 Academic Press Limited Copyright 1997Academic Press Limited ...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Scollay R,Sprent J

更新日期：1997-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent evidence indicates that memory B cells may originate from a precursor cell subset that is distinct from AFC precursors. Most convincing is the finding that fractionation of naive peripheral B-cell populations on the basis of surface heat stable antigen (HSA) expression yields two populations; one greatly enrich...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Klinman NR

更新日期：1997-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:V(D)J recombination consists of a DNA cleavage reaction catalysed by RAG1 and RAG2, followed by an end-joining reaction that utilizes the cell's double-strand break repair machinery. Genes essential for the end-joining reaction include: XRCC4 encoding a protein of unknown enzymatic function; XRCC5 and XRCC6 encoding 8...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Smider V,Chu G

更新日期：1997-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The Fas system ensures, within the immune system, one of the two main pathways of T-cell mediated cytotoxicity, and, importantly, at least part of the downregulation of immune responses. Recently, Fas has been increasingly implicated in other functions, such as protection of immune privileged tissues and disposal of c...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Depraetere V,Golstein P

更新日期：1997-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Apoptosis of activated lymphocytes is critical to immune homeostasis. The cell surface receptor Fas is an important mediator of lymphocyte apoptosis; defective Fas expression causes accumulation of lymphocytes and autoimmune disease in mice. Apoptosis defects due to mutations of Fas have also been found in a rare huma...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Puck JM,Sneller MC

更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Multiple monoclonal and polyclonal antibody preparations have been shown to neutralize HIV-1 infection in vitro. Upon direct testing in humans, however, many of these have failed to demonstrate clinical efficacy. Hu-PBL-SCID mice offer a model system in which to test the pre-clinical efficacy of antibody preparations....

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Koup RA,Safrit JT,Weir R,Gauduin MC

更新日期：1996-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:CD4+ helper T cells recognize short peptides stably associated with class II MHC molecules displayed on the surface of antigen presenting cells. Very little is known about the sequence of events that lead to the generation of these peptides from protein antigens. It is likely that native proteins must partially unfold...

journal_title：Seminars in immunology

authors： Jensen PE

更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00